Hazard mitigation or mitigation hazard?

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.; OSR) is estimated to be environmentally and economically problematic because volunteers and ferals occur frequently and because of its hybridisation potential with several wild and weedy species. A proposed mitigation strategy aims to reduce survival, in particular in conventional OSR crops, by coupling the transgenic target modification with a dwarfing gene to reduce competitive fitness. Our study allowed us to access potential ecological implications of this strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On a large scale (>500 km(2)), we recorded phenological and population parameters of oilseed rape plants for several years in rural and urban areas of Northern Germany (Bremen and surroundings). The characterising parameter were analysed for differences between wild and cultivated plants. RESULTS: In rural areas, occurrences of feral and volunteer OSR together had an average density of 1.19 populations per square kilometre, in contrast to urban areas where we found 1.68 feral populations per square kilometre on average. Throughout the survey, the vegetation cover at the locations with feral OSR ranged from less than 10% to 100%. Our investigations gave clear empirical evidence that feral OSR was, on average, at least 41% smaller than cultivated OSR, independent of phenological state after onset of flowering. DISCUSSION: The findings can be interpreted as phenotypic adaptation of feral OSR plants. Therefore, it must be asked whether dwarfing could be interpreted as an improvement of pre-adaptation to feral environments. In most of the sites where feral plants occurred, germination and establishment were in locations with disturbed vegetation cover, allowing initial growth without competition. Unless feral establishment of genetically modified dwarfed traits are specifically studied, it would not be safe to assume that the mitigation strategy of dwarfing also reduces dispersal in feral environments. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: With respect to OSR, we argue that the proposed mitigation approach could increase escape and persistence of transgene varieties rather than reducing them. We conclude that the development of effective hazard mitigation measures in the risk evaluation of genetically modified organisms requires thorough theoretical and empirical ecological analyses rather than assumptions about abstract fitness categories that apply only in parts of the environment where the plant can occur.     

铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了铜陵铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响.结果表明,油菜种子能在铜尾矿上萌发,但发芽率和发芽速率均小于正常土壤.尾矿能降低油菜叶绿素含量,而且对叶绿素a/b比值也有影响.在尾矿胁迫下,油菜叶片的细胞膜透性增加,硝酸还原酶活性降低,抗坏血酸含量下降,表明尾矿对油菜具有毒害作用.与对照相比,尾矿处理油菜根系表现为主根变短,侧根数减少,根系体积明显变小.尾矿能明显抑制油菜幼苗的根和茎叶生物量,降低根冠比.随着油菜的生长发育,尾矿的毒害作用更加明显.尾矿对油菜的影响最终反映在油菜的产量上.铜元素的毒害和尾矿的极端贫瘠是影响油菜生长的2个因素.成熟期油菜各器官铜含量大小依次为根＞茎叶＞籽粒,籽粒中铜含量与土壤和尾矿混合物中有效铜含量在α=0.01水平上显著正相关.     

生物炭和鸡粪对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响

采用田间试验,研究在污灌菜地上施用生物炭和鸡粪对镉低积累油菜生长和镉吸收的影响,并通过重金属形态分析探讨其作用机理.结果表明,施用添加剂可提高油菜地上部产量,高剂量生物炭和鸡粪复配处理增产效果最佳,最大增产率为174%.施用添加剂可显著降低油菜地上部镉含量,其中,高剂量生物炭和鸡粪复配处理降低效果最佳,最大降低率为72.0%,使所有供试品种地上部镉含量满足食品安全标准要求.施用添加剂可显著降低土壤TCLP提取态镉含量,最大降低率为36.5%.施用生物炭和鸡粪促进土壤镉由活性高的可交换态向活性低的有机结合态或残渣态转化,从而显著降低镉的生物有效性和可迁移性.以上结果表明,种植镉低积累品种同时施用生物炭和鸡粪可以满足油菜在镉污染土壤上安全生产的需要.     

Comparisons in subcellular and biochemical behaviors of cadmium between Iow-Cd and high-Cd accumulation cultivars of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）

Subcellular distributions and chemical forms of cadmium （Cd） in the leaves, stems and roots were investigated in low-Cd accumulation cultivars and high-Cd accumulation cultivars ofpakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）. Root cell wall played a key role in limiting soil Cd from entering the protoplast, especially in the low-Cd cultivars. The high-Cd cultivars had significantly higher leaf and stem Cd concentrations than the low-Cd cultivars in cell wall fraction, chloroplast/trophoplast fraction, organelle fraction and soluble fraction. In low-Cd cultivars, which were more sensitive and thus had greater physiological needs of Cd detoxification than high-Cd cultivars, leaf vacuole sequestrated higher proportions of Cd. Cd in the form of pectate/protein complexes （extracted by 1 tool. L~ NaC1） played a decisive role in Cd translocation from root to shoot, which might be one of the mechanisms that led to the differences in shoot Cd accumulation between the two types of cultivars. Furthermore, the formation of Cd- phosphate complexes （extracted by 2% HAc） was also involved in Cd detoxification within the roots of pakchoi under high Cd stress, suggesting that the mechanisms of Cd detoxification might be different between low- and high-Cd cultivars.     

Secondary metabolites of the leaf surface affected by sulphur fertilisation and perceived by the diamondback moth

Summary. Summary. Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (cv Express), plants were grown under three different sulphur regimes: sulphur-free (S₀), normal sulphur (S_n, normal field concentration) and a sulphur-rich (S₊, 2 × concentration of S_n). We performed dual choice oviposition assays with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, using real plants and, for the first time with this insect, artificial leaves sprayed with methanolic leaf-surface extracts. The results mirrored those of a separate study of preferences for whole plants. Females laid more eggs on surrogate leaves that were treated with S_n extracts than on S₀ plants, while only a slight, not significant, difference was observed between extracts of normal and sulphur-rich plants. This shows that chemical compounds on the leaf surface mediate the oviposition preference and that the female insect can perceive the quality of the host-plants in terms of their fertilisation status.Since leaf volatiles are known to be oviposition stimulants, we investigated the effects of leaf-surface extracts on insect olfactory responses using electroantennograms (EAGs). In agreement with the behavioural data, we found that extracts of sulphur-treated plants yielded higher EAG amplitudes than the S₀ extracts. Since the leaf content of the volatiles isothiocyanates is influenced by sulphur nutrition, we analysed the extracts for these compounds. Above the detection threshold of our GC-MS system, no isothiocyanates were found. Thus, other compounds present in the surface extracts must be perceived by the antenna.However, the HPLC analysis revealed 11 different glucosinolates. Progoitrin (2-Hydroxy-3-butenyl) and gluconapoleiferin (2-Hydroxy-4-pentenyl), which belong to the hydroxy-alkene class of glucosinolates, were the most abundant compounds. The total glucosinolate content sharply increased from S₀ to S_n plants, whereas it was slightly lower in _n versus S₊ plants. Since it is known that glucosinolates can stimulate oviposition, it seems likely that the increased content we observed was influencing the insect preference in this study too.     

连续施用鸡粪对菜心产量和重金属含量的影响

由于养殖业普遍使用微量元素添加剂,导致禽畜粪中重金属残留过高现象广泛存在.根据养殖场鸡粪含氮量计算其用量（N 0～450 kg·hm^-2）,进行连续4茬菜心施用鸡粪田间实验,探讨对菜心产量及重金属含量的影响.结果表明,第1、3茬所有施用鸡粪处理菜心产量比单施无机肥处理降低,第2茬则提高,第4茬鸡粪与无机肥配施处理提高了菜心产量.不同茬别菜心产量差别较大,第2茬显著高于其它茬别.从不同处理4茬菜心重金属平均含量来看,施用鸡粪可提高As、Zn含量,降低Cr、Cd含量,对Pb含量无明显影响,配施鸡粪提高Cu含量.除第2茬因产量稀释作用影响外,不同茬别所有处理菜心As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn平均含量随施用茬数增加而提高,Cd平均含量则下降.建议在无公害或绿色食品生产中避免一次性大量施用或连续施用养殖场禽畜粪.     

新型杂化材料钝化修复镉铅复合污染土壤的效应与机制研究

采用盆栽实验,研究了新型杂化材料及其与磷酸盐复配使用对镉铅复合污染土壤的钝化修复效果,并通过重金属形态分析、吸附平衡实验以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探讨了杂化材料钝化修复重金属污染土壤的机制.结果表明,杂化材料单一处理对油菜生长没有明显的促进作用,而杂化材料与磷酸盐复合处理则能显著提高油菜地上部和根部生物量,分别比对...     

洛克沙胂在青菜及土壤中的残留及降解特性

通过向土壤中施加含洛克沙胂有机肥的田间试验,研究有机肥中的洛克沙胂在土壤-蔬菜中的降解、迁移转化及残留.结果表明,土壤中施加低浓度的洛克沙胂对青菜的生长具有一定的抑制作用,相比于对照组减产15%~32%;青菜对土壤中砷具有一定的富集作用,且其根部为砷主要蓄积部位;土壤中总砷含量与施入洛克沙胂的量成正相关,并且随着种植时间的延长先升高再下降,最高达12.94 mg·kg-1,土壤无机砷含量随着种植时间的延长先升高并于30 d后趋于稳定,占总砷的66.75%~98.56%;青菜中总砷含量与土壤总砷含量及青菜砷富集系数之间均存在一定的正相关;洛克沙胂在土壤中的降解速率缓慢,含洛克沙胂有机肥量添加量高于5 000 kg·hm-2时,45 d后土壤中有洛克沙胂残留;施入一定量的洛克沙胂能显著提高土壤中细菌的数量,对于霉菌和放线菌的生长,较低浓度的洛克沙胂具有一定的抑制作用,较高浓度的洛克沙胂具有一定的促进作用.     

The physiological response and iron and potassium contents in the hairy roots of Brassica rape L. Under cadmium stress北大核心CSCD

The experiments were conducted to investigate the tolerance and enrichment capabilities by elucidating the physiological response and cadmium impact on iron and potassium accumulation amounts of brassica rape hairy roots under different cadmium concentrations by using liquid suspension culture method. The results showed the following. (1) The growth of hairy roots was not significantly different under low cadmium concentrations (below 100 μmol/L), whereas it was obviously inhibited under high cadmium concentrations (more than 100 μmol/L). Further, the maximum fresh weight of brassica rape hairy roots reached 4.34 g under 25 μmol/L cadmium stress after 7 days. (2) The content of ROS in brassica rape hairy roots increased with increasing concentrations of cadmium; the antioxidant enzyme activities of brassica rape hairy roots (SOD, POD, and CAT) decreased first and then increased with increasing cadmium concentrations under 1-day stress, whereas showed an opposite trend under 7-day stress. (3) PI staining and MDA content indicated that cellular damage was more serious with increasing cadmium concentrations. (4) With the increase of cadmium concentrations, cadmium content of hairy roots increased and reached maximum of 2.97 mg/g under 400 μmol/L cadmium stress after 7 days. The iron content also increased significantly with the maximal weight of 14.52 mg/g after 1-day cadmium stress, whereas no significant difference was noted under 7-day cadmium stress. The potassium content under 7-day cadmium stress was 1.6 times of that after 1-day stress (15.73 mg/g). The study showed that the physiological response of Brassica rape hairy roots was correlated with the concentration and time of cadmium stress. Moreover, cadmium stress caused metabolic disorders of iron and potassium in the hairy roots, but the hairy roots of Brassica rape had better enrichment effect on cadmium. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of selenium on activity of glutathione peroxidase and expression of selenium metabolism-related genes in Brassica

Inorganic selenium (Se) is absorbed and enriched by plants and converted into a stable and nutritionally important organic form, which subsequently when consumed by humans or animals results in increased Se tissue levels. Brassica is one of the most potent Se-enriched plants. The aim of this study was to compare differences in Se enrichment between two predominant Brassica plants namely Brassica rapa Linn L. and Brassica tumida Tsenet Lee L. on Se metabolic parameters. Plants exposed to soil Se levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 or 5?mg/kg) were examined on the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Se levels and expression of Se metabolism related genes using soil pots. Data showed that activities of GSH-Px in leaf and root of the two Brassica species were significantly increased in the presence of Se at 2.5?mg/kg. Se concentrations of leaf, stem and root in B. tumida Tsenet Lee L. and B. rapa Linn L. rose from 0.31 to 21.84-fold (leaf), 1.15 to 15.16-fold (stem) and 2.11 to 15.26-fold (root) in the presence of metal in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest expression levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ATP sulfurylase (APS), selenocysteine methyltransferase (SMT), serine acetyltransferase (SAT), cysteine desulfurase (CysD) and S-adenosyl-l-Met:l-Met S-methyltransferase (MMT) in leaf of B. rapa Linn L. were found at 1?mg/kg Se. The highest expression levels of ATP, APS, SMT, SAT, CysD and MMT in leaf of B. tumida Tsenet Lee L. were observed at 2.5?mg/kg Se. The Se concentrations in leaf, stem and root of B. rapa Linn L. were higher than in B. tumida Tsenet Lee L. under the same soil Se level conditions. At the same Se level, differences in the expression of Se-related genes were observed between these two Brassica species. Our observations may be used to optimize the utilization of Brassica as a nutritional source of Se by growing this plant under certain soil conditions.